Design and chemical synthesis of eukaryotic chromosomes

Constructed from scratch, designer yeast chromosomes were designed and chemical synthesized by the guide of genome “design-build-test-debug-learn” cycle. Superior to the native chromosomes, the designer chromosomes were remodeled by introducing reasonable customizing genetic features and maintaining the genome viability and stability. Though some obstacles appeared during genome design and construction, kinds of strategies were developed for debugging and redesign, and all of the phenotypic and genotypic defects were rescued. By systematically characterized in various conditions, the synthetic chromosomes are fully functional in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and perform a nearwild-type fitness. As the first designer eukaryotic genome, the completion of synthetic yeast chromosomes lays the foundation of innovative Genome Project-write and offers insights into the genome organization and evolution of life.