(31n) Chemical Industry Disaster, Outside or inside Causation and Consequences

Technological disasters that have occurred and will occur in cities and industries, with external and internal origins, are discussed in this research. External climate events such as excessive rain, floods, tornadoes and hurricanes affect the operation of the process industry and the affected neighboring cities. Other external climate events cause droughts and forest fires that advance over regions where the industry's logistics and production activities take place, also affecting neighboring communities.

On the other hand, geopolitical relations that result in conflicts go beyond the borders between countries. The issue involving control over energy, food and geographic space is combined with issues arising from cultural and religious intolerances, which can impact external events, wars with terrorist actions, and which affect the operation of the chemical and nuclear process industry, in addition to affecting the operation of cities and regions that are in danger's path. How do geopolitical conflicts, war and migration cause emergency situations in cities and industry?

In this paper, we will revisit previous discussions about the presence of hurricanes, volcanoes, terrorism, and about the lack of water and energy availability, which make it impossible for industrial and urban operations to operate, considering unexpected changes in a short period of time. We will question the efficiency of the current safety and public safety tools, considering that the measures are established only for the technical dimension, and there is no preparation for the social dimension. Furthermore, these risk analysis tools do not consider external interference from climatic and geopolitical phenomena. Safety techniques do not discuss the subjectivity of human, social, geographic, and political behavior, with the possibility of being during natural and climatic events. Risk Management in cities and industrial activities does not develop dynamic scenarios with hybrid hazards, making it difficult to establish predictions of future behavior in sociotechnical systems. By combining external threats with internal threats, we may encounter high-impact events without the appropriate solutions established.