Case studies included in Guidelines for Safe Automation of Chemical Processes (2016) provide examples of how errors by operators and maintenance personnel contributed to process safety incidents. Since plant personnel interact with multiple automation systems across a site, human error is a major contributor to site-wide failures and lower than expected process safety performance. Unfortunately, human error is often viewed as something outside the scope of engineering, since engineers obviously cannot control humans. However, all engineers can make things better or worse through automation design.
This paper addresses human factors associated with operations and maintenance work, such as:
Operations, maintenance, and supervisory structure and communications
Emergency communications between operations, maintenance and supervision
Organizational factors
Work environment
Task scheduling and staffing
Instructions and procedures
Task characteristics
Personnel training and qualifications
There is no right answer for how to address human factors, so understanding where to start can be problematic. This paper provides practical checklists of positive and negative attributes for operators and maintenance activities associated with instrumentation and controls. Using the checklists, a site can determine where it fits on the negative-to-positive scale to determine where to focus resources on improving human factors.
