Abstract
The results from hard-particle, discrete element simulations of a two-dimensional dilute stream of particles decelerating around an immersed fixed cylinder are presented. Simulation measurements of the drag force, Fd , are expressed in terms of a dimensionless drag coefficient, 
, where r is the particle density, 
is the upstream solid fraction, U is the upstream instantaneous velocity, and D and d are the cylinder and particle diameters, respectively. The drag results and flow patterns for decelerating flows are compared with corresponding steady flows and accelerating flows.