(561c) System Modeling and Techno-Economic Analysis of a Solar-Driven Chemical Looping Fuel Production Process

Synthetic liquid fuels can provide a drop-in substitute for fossil-based fuels in sectors such as aviation and maritime, where electrification is not a viable option due to the need for high specific energy density [1]. However, for these alternative fuels to be adopted at a commercial scale, their price must be competitive compared to their fossil-based counterparts. The reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction offers a promising pathway, using hydrogen (sourced from electrolysis) and carbon dioxide as the feed and reacting to produce syngas – a mixture of H₂ and CO at a specific ratio [2]. Syngas is a useful precursor that can be converted into fuels and chemicals via known downstream processes, such as liquid transportation fuels via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis [3]. The RWGS reaction is currently not applied in commercial scale, unlike the rest of the components in the process chain (electrolyzers and syngas-to-fuel synthesis units). The RWGS reaction poses several challenges due to its restrictive thermodynamics. Being an equimolar reaction, high temperatures and a large excess of H₂ are needed to achieve reasonable CO₂ conversion at equilibrium. This has detrimental effects on practical process implementation and the quality of syngas that can be produced, with direct effect on the energy and capital requirements, as well as the need for expensive downstream separation.

In this work, we are proposing to develop a new concentrating solar thermal (CST) compatible RWGS reactor, performing the reaction in a 2-step chemical looping process using metal oxide at a temperature range of 600-800°C. By decoupling the reactor from the solar receiver, the Generation 3 (Gen3) CST technology could be utilized, together with its proposed thermal energy storage (TES) technology [4], benefitting from a good match to the required temperatures. CST technology is a viable option for supplying the heat that could be rapidly deployed in scale, thus being a good match to the gas-to-liquid (GTL) process which requires a large minimal scale to be commercially viable. The integration of TES with CST also allows operating the plant at large annual capacity factors and avoids multiple shutdown/startup cycles, thus fitting into the steady-state operation mode that most GTL processes require. The main innovation in the proposed design hinges on a countercurrent reaction design using a packed bed reactor. In 2019 Metcalfe et al. showed the benefits of countercurrent species exchange could be realized in a redox chemical-looping processes, by storing the favorable countercurrent chemical potential profiles in a packed bed of non-stoichiometric oxide [5]. Metcalfe et al. applied this breakthrough concept to the WGS reaction, which is conventionally a co-feed catalytic process, showing a dramatic improvement. Bulfin et al. (2023) performed a similar proof-of-concept demonstration for the RWGS reaction using CeO₂, achieving cumulative and peak CO₂ conversions of 88% and 95%, respectively, compared to a thermodynamic limit of 58% for the co-feed catalytic process at the same conditions [6].

In our new REGENLOOP project, we are developing a reactor prototype from the heat-exchange packed bed reactor-type, a commonly used reactor in the chemical industry. The endothermic heat of reduction will be supplied to the reactor using CST, while the same heat transfer fluid (HTF) mechanism will be used to extract the exothermic heat of oxidation. An array of multiple reactors is used to supply constant high-purity CO stream, that is then mixed with H₂ from electrolysis to produce a high-purity syngas at the required composition. By removing the CO-CO₂ separation after the RWGS process, significant energy and cost reduction can be achieved [7]. A physics-based TEA framework is currently being developed, covering all the major plant processes, from the solar collection through storage, chemical looping RWGS, GTL, and auxiliary unit operations, up to the liquid hydrocarbon product. This modeling framework will utilize reduced-order models for the chemical looping RWGS and TES, CST modeling using SolarPILOT, and Aspen Plus for the GTL. By using this combined physics-based approach, the effects of design/operating parameters on the performance and cost can be elucidated.

In our presentation, the modeling framework will be presented in detail, including preliminary cost predictions of using this plant configuration under a few selected relevant case studies. This study will be used to identify the major cost drivers, informing further system design and optimization needed to chart the way for a commercially viable pathway.

References

[1] C. Howe, E. Rolfes, K. O’Dell, B. McMurtry, S. Razdan, A. Otwell, Pathways to Commercial Liftoff: Sustainable Aviation Fuel, US Department of Energy (2024).

[2] M. González-Castaño, B. Dorneanu, H. Arellano-García, The reverse water gas shift reaction: a process systems engineering perspective, Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 6 (2021) 954–976. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RE00478B.

[3] A. de Klerk, Fischer‐Tropsch Refining, 1st ed., Wiley, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527635603.

[4] M. Mehos, C. Turchi, J. Vidal, M. Wagner, Z. Ma, C. Ho, W. Kolb, C. Andraka, A. Kruizenga, Concentrating Solar Power Gen3 Demonstration Roadmap, 2017. https://doi.org/10.2172/1338899.

[5] I.S. Metcalfe, B. Ray, C. Dejoie, W. Hu, C. de Leeuwe, C. Dueso, F.R. García-García, C.M. Mak, E.I. Papaioannou, C.R. Thompson, J.S.O. Evans, Overcoming chemical equilibrium limitations using a thermodynamically reversible chemical reactor, Nature Chemistry 11 (2019) 638–643. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0273-2.

[6] B. Bulfin, M. Zuber, O. Gräub, A. Steinfeld, Intensification of the reverse water–gas shift process using a countercurrent chemical looping regenerative reactor, Chemical Engineering Journal 461 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.141896.

[7] G. Zang, P. Sun, A.A. Elgowainy, A. Bafana, M. Wang, Performance and cost analysis of liquid fuel production from H2 and CO2 based on the Fischer-Tropsch process, Journal of CO2 Utilization 46 (2021) 101459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101459.