This presentation will focus on non noble metal based electrocatalyst which has the potential to serve as the next generation of fuel cells and electrolyzers. Use of single atom, dealloyed mono metals and layered double hydroxides will be discussed along with the latest results. Its use in electrodes and the importance of the interfacial electrode structure will be presented along with modeling studies. Emphasis will be made to discuss both the electrocatalytic pathways using advanced spectroscopy and electrochemical tools. Spectroscopy will be presented from an in-situ and operando perspective using synchrotron x-ray and Raman. These will be juxtaposed with steady state polarization and electrochemical impedance studies. Specifically this presentation will cover water electrolysis using anion exchange membrane with special emphasis on interfacial electrode structures, Use of single atom catalysts as oxygen depolarized cathodes will be presented in the context of chlorine generation. In addition non-noble metal catalyst for phosphric acid fuel cells will be presented in terms of its structure function properties as well as durability.