The catalytic conversion of CO2 using renewable H2 presents a transformative pathway to sustainable hydrocarbon production, enabling both the decarbonization of the chemical industry and the synthesis of green fuels. However, conventional catalysts optimized for steady-state operation typically suffer from rapid deactivation under dynamic reaction conditions. Here, we report an iron-based catalyst engineered for dynamic stability, achieving >50% CO2 conversion and >60% selectivity toward C4+ hydrocarbons in a single pass. The catalyst exhibits exceptional resilience, maintaining full activity for >300 hours under steady-state operation and retaining performance after 10 hours of dormancy under simulated dynamic conditions. Operando characterization and computational modeling unravel the interplay between the catalyst’s dynamic phase transitions and its robust hydrocarbon selectivity. This work bridges the gap between intermittent renewable energy systems and CO2 utilization technologies, offering a scalable strategy for sustainable chemical and fuel synthesis.
