Transitioning from conventional aluminosilicate zeolites to isostructures with alternative compositions is a topic of interest owing to their unique properties for applications in catalysis. Replacing aluminum with heteroatoms can alter the physicochemical properties of zeolites in ways that improve their catalytic performance. This has been demonstrated for several elements, such as Sn, Ti, and Ga, among others, which have been successfully introduced into different zeolite frameworks. In this presentation, we will discuss recent efforts to design Ti-based zeolites, which have garnered attention in recent years owing to their unique activity for catalyzing olefin epoxidation. Specifically, we will focus on the synthesis of titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) with novel hierarchical structures.
TS-1 catalysts have been used in olefins epoxidation reactions; however, improving the epoxide selectivity of traditional TS-1 catalysts is a challenge. Here we will discuss how we have been able to achieve this objective by synthesizing TS-1 morphologies with much lower titanium loadings and shorter contact times to limit side reactions. We will first describe the preparation of TS-1@silicalite-1 (egg-shell) catalysts using a secondary growth protocol that places a thin layer of TS-1 on the surface of a silicalite-1 seed crystal. Catalyst testing using n-hexene epoxidation reveals that the egg-shell, which is a pseudo nanosheet of TS-1, exhibits higher selectivity over bulk TS-1. A similar outcome was observed for finned TS-1 prepared by secondary growth wherein nanosized TS-1 protrusions (fins, ca. 50 nm) epitaxially grow on the surfaces of silicalite-1 seed crystals. This technique has been demonstrated for a series of aluminosilicate zeolites (MFI, MEL, FER) where fins enhance internal diffusion, thereby extending catalyst lifetime. For n-hexene epoxidation, fins give reactant molecules rapid access to Ti sites while minimizing contact time, leading to enhanced catalyst selectivity that is comparable to the egg shell configuration.