This presentation is in honor of the many contributions of Professor Pinnau. The presentation will focus on hollow fiber CMS membranes, which enable low energy intensive gas separation operations. Besides diverse natural gas and biogas production applications, CMS membranes are suitable for energy-intensive separations in cracked gas processes and geologic (natural) hydrogen separations. We will discuss our interpretation as to how and why the unique characteristics of asymmetric CMS hollow fiber membranes enable their high performance separations for these cases. Also, projections of this key chemical engineering separation technology will be presented.