(12e) Renewable to Liquid Fuels Beyond the Grid

The reduction of carbon emissions by 2050 to net zero is a very challenging task. For example, the transportation sector represents 27% of our current GHG emissions. The majority of this sector can utilize batteries for transportation that represents 62% of transportation. This assumes a significant build-out of the grid system using clean energy to support this massive energy need, that will further exacerbate the long wait times. The difficult to decarbonize transportation sector, mainly aviation and heavy duty vehicles are researching alternative energy sources with no clear economic winner. Synthetic fuels are an obvious option, but very expensive. How can we economically generate 100% sustainable synthetic fuels that address the difficult to decarbonize end-use devices like aviation and semi-trucks?

The answer to both of these questions may be using renewables to make liquid fuels and fuel feedstocks. The economic driver for this process is cheap clean hydrogen (<$2/kg). The carbon is provided by bio-genic processes, ex. Ethanol production, or direct air capture. The cost of the carbon dioxide needs to be approximately $100/ton to help meet cost targets. The power to synthetic liquids using renewables beyond the grid enables cheap electrons, with the final product within market value norms. However, the intermittent source of power coupled with small scale production (100 to 1000 BBL/D) are challenging program metrics.

This paper lays out the vision of a renewable to liquids program and the technology options that may enable this program to be a success. Significant challenges will be highlighted.