To establish a model of sustainable integration of local agriculture and biomass industries in rural areas in South-East Asia, e.g., Vietnam, we are developing both the biomass conversion technologies and the methodology of design and evaluation of the total biomass utilization system. As one of the key technologies, we are focusing on a small-scale regional biorefinery process, which is suitable to a concept of local production of bioenergy, biofuels and bio-based materials for local consumption. This presentation deals with a pilot-scale bioethanol production from rice straw in Vietnam.