(548a) Integrated Autothermal Micromembrane Fuel Processor for Fuel Cell Application

The high efficiency and energy density of miniaturized fuel cells provide an attractive alternative to batteries in the portable power generation market for consumer and military electronic devices [1]. Of the available fuels, hydrogen is most attractive owing to its high conversion efficiency. However, for micro fuel cells storage and supply of hydrogen is a challenge [2]. Hydrogen from high pressure cylinders or metal hydrides is possible for portable power generators but impractical at micro scale. A variety of alternative hydrogen carriers are being investigated [3,4]. Another possibility is reforming of hydrocarbon based fuels such as methanol given their high volumetric and gravimetric hydrogen content.

CH₃OH + ½. O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂ ΔH^o=-192.3 kJ/mol ………………………(1)

We present an integrated autothermal fuel processing microsystem consisting of hydrogen generation and catalytic combustion units [Figure 1]. The devices are fabricated using bulk micromachining techniques. Silicon based reactors ensure high thermal conductivity and help maintain autothermal operating conditions. The reformer consists of LaNiCoO₃ based reforming catalyst and a ~ 200 nm thick palladium membrane for hydrogen generation and purification respectively, while the burner is loaded with supported platinum catalyst. The palladium membrane separation process implies an equilibrium amount of hydrogen remains in the exhaust gas. This hydrogen, along with unconverted methanol and carbon monoxide, can be burned by catalytic combustion to provide the necessary energy to make the overall hydrogen generation from methanol autothermal.

Prior to fabrication, detailed thermal analysis was carried out for feasibility studies. Based on these design considerations, generation 2 methanol reformers were fabricated.The performance of this integrated, autothermal hydrogen generation system in terms of energy efficiency and hydrogen production is characterized to identify regions of operation in which autothermal production of hydrogen is achieved.

References:

1. C. D. Baertsch, K. F. Jensen, J. L. Hertz, H. L. Tuller, S. T. Vengallatore, S. M. Spearing and M. A. Schmidt, “ Fabrication and Structural Characterization of Self-Supporting Electrolyte Membranes for a Micro Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell”, J. Mater. Res., 19, 2604 (2004). 2. Cowey, K., K. J. Green, Mepsted, G. O and Reeve, R. "Portable and Military Fuel Cells" Curr. Opin. Solid State and Mater. Sci., 8, 367 (2004) 3. Richardson, B. S., Birdwell, J. F., Pin, F. G., Jansen, J. F. and Lind, R. F. “ Sodium Borohydride Based Hybrid Power System”, J. Power Sources, 145, 21 (2005). 4. Bououdina, M., Grant, D. and Walker, G. “Review on Hydrogen Absorbing Materials- Structure, Microstructure, and Thermodynamic Properties”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 31, 177 (2006).